See -ī on Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"word": "-u"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "North Frisian",
"lang_code": "frr",
"word": "-e"
},
{
"lang": "Saterland Frisian",
"lang_code": "stq",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old Frisian",
"lang_code": "ofs",
"word": "-e"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old Saxon",
"lang_code": "osx",
"word": "-i"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"word": "*-i"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"word": "-ī"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "gem-pro:*-į̄",
"id": "abstract noun"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-į̄"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-į̄",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *-į̄.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-noun-in",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "īn-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "-ī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-īn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-īn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-īn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-īn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "*-ī f",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gmw-infl-noun-in"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-ī",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "71 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "53 21 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "65 11 24",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "67 10 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "61 15 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-West Germanic entries referencing missing etymons",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "68 12 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"-ness, -th. Forms abstract nouns from adjectives which represent the state, quality or measure of the adjective."
],
"id": "en--ī-gmw-pro-suffix-HppZLrHy",
"links": [
[
"-ness",
"-ness"
],
[
"-th",
"-th"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ī"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "gem-pro:*-jaz<id:-ed>",
"id": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-jaz<id:-ed>"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-jaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *-jaz.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-adj",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "-ī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-iju",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijanā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijeʀā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijumē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijeʀē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijumē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-iju",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijeʀu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-iju",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-iju",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-iju",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijeʀō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijeʀō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijeʀō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijēm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijēm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijēm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijēm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijēm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijēm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "adjective-forming suffixes"
},
"expansion": "*-ī",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gmw-infl-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-ī",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Forms adjectives from verbs and nouns."
],
"id": "en--ī-gmw-pro-suffix-gmw_pro:adjective",
"senseid": [
"gmw-pro:adjective"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ī"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"raw_tags": [
"early -i"
],
"word": "-e"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Low German",
"lang_code": "nds",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old Saxon",
"lang_code": "osx",
"word": "-i"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Low German",
"lang_code": "nds",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old Saxon",
"lang_code": "osx",
"word": "-e"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"word": "-i"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Cimbrian",
"lang_code": "cim",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Bavarian",
"lang_code": "bar"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"word": "-e"
},
{
"lang": "East Central German",
"lang_code": "gmw-ecg",
"word": "-e"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Hessian",
"lang_code": "gmw-rfr",
"tags": [
"Northern"
],
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Rhine Franconian",
"lang_code": "gmw-rfr"
}
],
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"word": "-i"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Cimbrian",
"lang_code": "cim",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Bavarian",
"lang_code": "bar"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"word": "-e"
},
{
"lang": "East Central German",
"lang_code": "gmw-ecg",
"word": "-e"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Hessian",
"lang_code": "gmw-rfr",
"tags": [
"Northern"
],
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Rhine Franconian",
"lang_code": "gmw-rfr"
}
],
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "gem-pro:*-īz",
"4": "gem-pro:*-inz",
"5": "gem-pro:*-ī",
"id": "i-stem plural"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-īz",
"id": "i-stem plural"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-īz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-eyes",
"pos": "i-stem nominative plural"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-eyes (i-stem nominative plural)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*-is",
"3": "*-es",
"nocat": "1",
"pos1": "i-stem suffix",
"pos2": "nominative plural suffix"
},
"expansion": "*-is (i-stem suffix) + *-es (nominative plural suffix)",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-inz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-inz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-ims",
"pos": "i-stem accusative plural"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-ims (i-stem accusative plural)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*-is",
"3": "*-ms",
"nocat": "1",
"pos1": "i-stem suffix",
"pos2": "accusative plural suffix"
},
"expansion": "*-is (i-stem suffix) + *-ms (accusative plural suffix)",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ī"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ī",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-ih₂",
"pos": "neuter i-stem plural"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-ih₂ (neuter i-stem plural)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*-is",
"3": "*-h₂",
"nocat": "1",
"pos1": "i-stem suffix",
"pos2": "neuter plural suffix"
},
"expansion": "*-is (i-stem suffix) + *-h₂ (neuter plural suffix)",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "A conflation of multiple suffixes:\n* In the masculine and feminine nominative plural, from Proto-Germanic *-īz, from Proto-Indo-European *-eyes (i-stem nominative plural), from *-is (i-stem suffix) + *-es (nominative plural suffix).\n* In the masculine and feminine accusative plural, from Proto-Germanic *-inz, from Proto-Indo-European *-ims (i-stem accusative plural), from *-is (i-stem suffix) + *-ms (accusative plural suffix).\n* In the neuter nominative and accusative plural, from Proto-Germanic *-ī, from Proto-Indo-European *-ih₂ (neuter i-stem plural), from *-is (i-stem suffix) + *-h₂ (neuter plural suffix).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "*-ī",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-ī",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "albi (“elf”) + -ī → *albī (“elves”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "mari (“sea”) + -ī → *marī (“seas”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms the nominative/accusative plural of i-stem nouns."
],
"id": "en--ī-gmw-pro-suffix-d22BKK4Z",
"links": [
[
"nominative",
"Appendix:Glossary#nominative"
],
[
"accusative",
"Appendix:Glossary#accusative"
],
[
"plural",
"Appendix:Glossary#plural"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ī"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ar",
"2": "ـِيّ"
},
"expansion": "Arabic ـِيّ (-iyy)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "hbo",
"2": "־ִי",
"tr": "-i"
},
"expansion": "Biblical Hebrew ־ִי (-i)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Compare Arabic ـِيّ (-iyy) and Biblical Hebrew ־ִי (-i).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-ī",
"name": "akk-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "Akkadian",
"lang_code": "akk",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Akkadian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Suffix used to derive adjectives (with the meaning “related to ...”) from nouns."
],
"id": "en--ī-akk-suffix-Ch3yWCAT",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-iː/"
}
],
"word": "-ī"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"raw_tags": [
"early -i"
],
"word": "-e"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Low German",
"lang_code": "nds",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old Saxon",
"lang_code": "osx",
"word": "-i"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Low German",
"lang_code": "nds",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old Saxon",
"lang_code": "osx",
"word": "-e"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"word": "-i"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Bavarian",
"lang_code": "bar"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"word": "-e"
},
{
"lang": "East Central German",
"lang_code": "gmw-ecg",
"word": "-e"
},
{
"lang": "Rhine Franconian",
"lang_code": "gmw-rfr"
}
],
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"word": "-i"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Bavarian",
"lang_code": "bar"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"word": "-e"
},
{
"lang": "East Central German",
"lang_code": "gmw-ecg",
"word": "-e"
},
{
"lang": "Rhine Franconian",
"lang_code": "gmw-rfr"
}
],
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"word": "*-ī"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "neuter i-stem"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-ih₂",
"pos": "i-stem nominative plural"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-ih₂ (i-stem nominative plural)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*-is",
"3": "*-h₂",
"nocat": "1",
"pos1": "i-stem suffix",
"pos2": "neuter plural suffix"
},
"expansion": "*-is (i-stem suffix) + *-h₂ (neuter plural suffix)",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *-ih₂ (i-stem nominative plural), from *-is (i-stem suffix) + *-h₂ (neuter plural suffix).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "*-ī",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ī",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "mari (“sea”) + *-ī → *marī (“seas”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms the nominative plural of neuter i-stem nouns."
],
"id": "en--ī-gem-pro-suffix-Z3~918yZ",
"links": [
[
"nominative",
"Appendix:Glossary#nominative"
],
[
"plural",
"Appendix:Glossary#plural"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ī"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ar",
"2": "ـِيّ"
},
"expansion": "Arabic ـِيّ (-iyy)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "hbo",
"2": "־ִי",
"tr": "-i"
},
"expansion": "Biblical Hebrew ־ִי (-i)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Compare Arabic ـِيّ (-iyy) and Biblical Hebrew ־ִי (-i).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-ī",
"name": "akk-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "Akkadian",
"lang_code": "akk",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Akkadian entries with incorrect language header",
"Akkadian lemmas",
"Akkadian suffixes",
"Akkadian terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"Suffix used to derive adjectives (with the meaning “related to ...”) from nouns."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-iː/"
}
],
"word": "-ī"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"raw_tags": [
"early -i"
],
"word": "-e"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Low German",
"lang_code": "nds",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old Saxon",
"lang_code": "osx",
"word": "-i"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Low German",
"lang_code": "nds",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old Saxon",
"lang_code": "osx",
"word": "-e"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"word": "-i"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Bavarian",
"lang_code": "bar"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"word": "-e"
},
{
"lang": "East Central German",
"lang_code": "gmw-ecg",
"word": "-e"
},
{
"lang": "Rhine Franconian",
"lang_code": "gmw-rfr"
}
],
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"word": "-i"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Bavarian",
"lang_code": "bar"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"word": "-e"
},
{
"lang": "East Central German",
"lang_code": "gmw-ecg",
"word": "-e"
},
{
"lang": "Rhine Franconian",
"lang_code": "gmw-rfr"
}
],
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"word": "*-ī"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "neuter i-stem"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-ih₂",
"pos": "i-stem nominative plural"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-ih₂ (i-stem nominative plural)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*-is",
"3": "*-h₂",
"nocat": "1",
"pos1": "i-stem suffix",
"pos2": "neuter plural suffix"
},
"expansion": "*-is (i-stem suffix) + *-h₂ (neuter plural suffix)",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *-ih₂ (i-stem nominative plural), from *-is (i-stem suffix) + *-h₂ (neuter plural suffix).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "*-ī",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ī",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic inflectional suffixes",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic suffixes",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "mari (“sea”) + *-ī → *marī (“seas”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms the nominative plural of neuter i-stem nouns."
],
"links": [
[
"nominative",
"Appendix:Glossary#nominative"
],
[
"plural",
"Appendix:Glossary#plural"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ī"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-West Germanic entries referencing missing etymons",
"Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-West Germanic feminine suffixes",
"Proto-West Germanic inflectional suffixes",
"Proto-West Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-West Germanic noun-forming suffixes",
"Proto-West Germanic suffixes",
"Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-West Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-West Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-West Germanic īn-stem nouns"
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"word": "-u"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "North Frisian",
"lang_code": "frr",
"word": "-e"
},
{
"lang": "Saterland Frisian",
"lang_code": "stq",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old Frisian",
"lang_code": "ofs",
"word": "-e"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old Saxon",
"lang_code": "osx",
"word": "-i"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"word": "*-i"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"word": "-ī"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "gem-pro:*-į̄",
"id": "abstract noun"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-į̄"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-į̄",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *-į̄.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-noun-in",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "īn-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "-ī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-īn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-īn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-īn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-īn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "*-ī f",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gmw-infl-noun-in"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-ī",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"-ness, -th. Forms abstract nouns from adjectives which represent the state, quality or measure of the adjective."
],
"links": [
[
"-ness",
"-ness"
],
[
"-th",
"-th"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ī"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-West Germanic adjective-forming suffixes",
"Proto-West Germanic entries referencing missing etymons",
"Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-West Germanic inflectional suffixes",
"Proto-West Germanic ja-stem adjectives",
"Proto-West Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-West Germanic suffixes",
"Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-West Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Germanic"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "gem-pro:*-jaz<id:-ed>",
"id": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-jaz<id:-ed>"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-jaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *-jaz.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-adj",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "-ī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-iju",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijanā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijeʀā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijumē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijeʀē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijumē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-iju",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijeʀu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-iju",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-iju",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-iju",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijeʀō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijeʀō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijeʀō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijēm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijēm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijēm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijēm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijēm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijēm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "adjective-forming suffixes"
},
"expansion": "*-ī",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gmw-infl-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-ī",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Forms adjectives from verbs and nouns."
],
"senseid": [
"gmw-pro:adjective"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ī"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-West Germanic entries referencing missing etymons",
"Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-West Germanic inflectional suffixes",
"Proto-West Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-West Germanic suffixes",
"Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-West Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Germanic"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"raw_tags": [
"early -i"
],
"word": "-e"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Low German",
"lang_code": "nds",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old Saxon",
"lang_code": "osx",
"word": "-i"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Low German",
"lang_code": "nds",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old Saxon",
"lang_code": "osx",
"word": "-e"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"word": "-i"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Cimbrian",
"lang_code": "cim",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Bavarian",
"lang_code": "bar"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"word": "-e"
},
{
"lang": "East Central German",
"lang_code": "gmw-ecg",
"word": "-e"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Hessian",
"lang_code": "gmw-rfr",
"tags": [
"Northern"
],
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Rhine Franconian",
"lang_code": "gmw-rfr"
}
],
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"word": "-i"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Cimbrian",
"lang_code": "cim",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Bavarian",
"lang_code": "bar"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"word": "-e"
},
{
"lang": "East Central German",
"lang_code": "gmw-ecg",
"word": "-e"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Hessian",
"lang_code": "gmw-rfr",
"tags": [
"Northern"
],
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Rhine Franconian",
"lang_code": "gmw-rfr"
}
],
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "gem-pro:*-īz",
"4": "gem-pro:*-inz",
"5": "gem-pro:*-ī",
"id": "i-stem plural"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-īz",
"id": "i-stem plural"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-īz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-eyes",
"pos": "i-stem nominative plural"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-eyes (i-stem nominative plural)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*-is",
"3": "*-es",
"nocat": "1",
"pos1": "i-stem suffix",
"pos2": "nominative plural suffix"
},
"expansion": "*-is (i-stem suffix) + *-es (nominative plural suffix)",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-inz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-inz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-ims",
"pos": "i-stem accusative plural"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-ims (i-stem accusative plural)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*-is",
"3": "*-ms",
"nocat": "1",
"pos1": "i-stem suffix",
"pos2": "accusative plural suffix"
},
"expansion": "*-is (i-stem suffix) + *-ms (accusative plural suffix)",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ī"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ī",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-ih₂",
"pos": "neuter i-stem plural"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-ih₂ (neuter i-stem plural)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*-is",
"3": "*-h₂",
"nocat": "1",
"pos1": "i-stem suffix",
"pos2": "neuter plural suffix"
},
"expansion": "*-is (i-stem suffix) + *-h₂ (neuter plural suffix)",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "A conflation of multiple suffixes:\n* In the masculine and feminine nominative plural, from Proto-Germanic *-īz, from Proto-Indo-European *-eyes (i-stem nominative plural), from *-is (i-stem suffix) + *-es (nominative plural suffix).\n* In the masculine and feminine accusative plural, from Proto-Germanic *-inz, from Proto-Indo-European *-ims (i-stem accusative plural), from *-is (i-stem suffix) + *-ms (accusative plural suffix).\n* In the neuter nominative and accusative plural, from Proto-Germanic *-ī, from Proto-Indo-European *-ih₂ (neuter i-stem plural), from *-is (i-stem suffix) + *-h₂ (neuter plural suffix).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "*-ī",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-ī",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "albi (“elf”) + -ī → *albī (“elves”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "mari (“sea”) + -ī → *marī (“seas”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms the nominative/accusative plural of i-stem nouns."
],
"links": [
[
"nominative",
"Appendix:Glossary#nominative"
],
[
"accusative",
"Appendix:Glossary#accusative"
],
[
"plural",
"Appendix:Glossary#plural"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ī"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -ī meaning in All languages combined (17.2kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-03-25 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-03-03 using wiktextract (05c257f and 9d9a410). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.